1. Vartanian SM et al: Surgical intervention for peripheral arterial disease. Circ Res. 116(9):1614-28, 2015
2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Guideline CG147. NICE website. Published August 8, 2012. Updated December 11, 2020. Accessed January 19, 2025. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg147
3. Writing Committee Members et al: 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 83(24):2497-604, 2024
4. Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Writing Group et al: Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. J Vasc Surg. 61(3 suppl):2S-41S, 2015
5. Treat-Jacobson D et al: Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 139(4):e10-33, 2019
6. Gerhard-Herman MD et al: 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 135(12):e726-79, 2017
7. Firnhaber JM et al: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 99(6):362-9, 2019
8. Yang JK et al: Antiplatelet therapy before, during, and after extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 60(4):1085-91, 2014
9. Criqui MH et al: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: contemporary epidemiology, management gaps, and future directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 144(9):e171-91, 2021
10. Norgren L et al: Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 33(suppl 1):S1-75, 2007
11. Conte MS et al: Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 58(1S):S1-109.e33, 2019
12. Mills JL Sr et al: The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 59(1):220-34.e1-2, 2014
13. Jaff MR et al: An update on methods for revascularization and expansion of the TASC lesion classification to include below-the-knee arteries: a supplement to the inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II): the TASC steering comittee. Ann Vasc Dis. 8(4):343-57, 2015
14. Agrawal K et al: Contemporary medical management of peripheral arterial disease: a focus on risk reduction and symptom relief for intermittent claudication. Cardiol Clin. 33(1):111-37, 2015
15. Mascarenhas JV et al: Peripheral arterial disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 43(1):149-66, 2014
16. Kullo IJ et al: The genetic basis of peripheral arterial disease: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions. Circ Res. 116(9):1551-60, 2015
17. Allison MA et al: Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 32(4):328-33, 2007
18. Adegbola A et al: The impact of nutrition on the development and progression of peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 41(1):49-70, 2022
19. Expert Panel on Vascular Imaging et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Sudden Onset of Cold, Painful Leg: 2023 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 20(11S):S565-73, 2023
20. American College of Radiology: ACR appropriateness criteria: vascular claudication–assessment for revascularization. ACR website. Revised 2022. Accessed January 19, 2025. https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69411/Narrative/
21. Vrsalovic M et al: Cardiac troponins predict mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of adjusted observational studies. Clin Cardiol. 45(2):198-204, 2022
22. Bonaca MP et al: Pharmacological treatment and current management of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 116(9):1579-98, 2015
23. Masson W et al: Effects of lipid-lowering therapy on major adverse limb events in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Vascular. 30(6):1134-41, 2022
24. Aboyans V et al: 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Endorsed by the European Stroke Organization (ESO), the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 39(9):763-816, 2018
25. Beckman JA et al: Peripheral artery disease: clinical evaluation. In: Creager MA et al, eds: Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 3rd ed. Saunders; 2020:239-49
26. Chen Q et al: Critical appraisal of international guidelines for the screening and treatment of asymptomatic peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 19(1):17, 2019
27. Bailey SR et al: ACC/AHA/SCAI/SIR/SVM 2018 appropriate use criteria for peripheral artery intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 73(2):214-37, 2019
28. van Reijen NS et al: Outcomes of conservative treatment in patients with chronic limb threatening ischaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 62(2):214-24, 2021
29. Ratchford EV: Medical management of claudication. J Vasc Surg. 66(1):275-80, 2017
30. Grundy SM et al: 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 73(24):e285-350, 2019
31. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee: 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024
32. Thangada ND et al: Exercise Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 26(5):405-12, 2024
33. Harwood AE et al: Exercise training for intermittent claudication: a narrative review and summary of guidelines for practitioners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 6(1):e000897, 2020
34. Golledge J et al: Meta-analysis of clinical trials examining the benefit of structured home exercise in patients with peripheral artery disease. Br J Surg. 106(4):319-31, 2019
35. Jansen SC et al: Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8:CD009638, 2020
36. Treat-Jacobson D et al: Implementation of supervised exercise therapy for patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 140(13):e700-10, 2019
37. Elfghi M et al: Mobile health technologies to improve walking distance in people with intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2(2):CD014717, 2024
38. Lane R et al: Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD000990, 2017
39. Saratzis A et al: Supervised exercise therapy and revascularization for intermittent claudication: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 12(12):1125-36, 2019
40. Cucato G et al: Effects of additional exercise therapy after a successful vascular intervention for people with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5(5):CD014736, 2024
41. Jansen SCP et al: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of supervised exercise therapy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 69(4):1293-308.e2, 2019
42. Bauersachs R et al: Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with other therapies used in patients with peripheral artery disease undergoing peripheral revascularization: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ther. 2021:8561350, 2021
43. Rahmatian D et al: Antiplatelet therapy with or without anticoagulant therapy for lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 78(23):2132-41, 2021
44. Peppas S et al: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with peripheral artery disease. Ann Vasc Surg. 80:1-11, 2022
45. Anand SS et al: Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 391(10117):219-29, 2018
46. Bonaca MP et al: Rivaroxaban in peripheral artery disease after revascularization. N Engl J Med. 382(21):1994-2004, 2020
47. Twine CP et al: Editor’s choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on antithrombotic therapy for vascular diseases. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 65(5):627-89, 2023
48. Morrow DA et al: Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 366(15):1404-13, 2012
49. Bonaca MP et al: Vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease: results from TRA2{degrees}P-TIMI 50. Circulation. 127(14):1522-9, 1529e1-6, 2013
50. Wong PF et al: Antiplatelet agents for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD001272, 2011
51. Alonso-Coello P et al: Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 141(2 suppl):e669S-90S, 2012
52. Brown T et al: Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6:CD003748, 2021
53. Kamoen V et al: Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD010117, 2021
54. Tama B et al: Effectiveness of propionyl-L-carnitine supplementation on exercise performance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review. Cureus. 13(8):e17592, 2021
55. Troisi N et al: International Union of Angiology position statement on no-option chronic limb threatening ischemia. Int Angiol. 41(5):382-404, 2022
56. Hinchliffe RJ et al: Guideline on diagnosis, prognosis, and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers and diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diab Metab Res Rev. 36(S1):e3276, 2020
57. Shishehbor MH et al: Critical limb ischemia: an expert statement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 68(18):2002-15, 2016
58. Thukkani AK et al: Endovascular intervention for peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 116(9):1599-613, 2015
59. Antoniou GA et al: Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4:CD002000, 2017
60. Scatena A et al: Bypass surgery versus endovascular revascularization for occlusive infrainguinal peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the development of the Italian Guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome. Acta Diabetol. 61(1):19-28, 2024
61. Pymer S et al: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of home-based exercise programs for individuals with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 74(6):2076-85.e20, 2021
62. Golledge J et al: Effect of Brief Counseling by Allied Health Professionals on Step Count of People With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 8(4):394-9, 2023
63. Mazzolai L et al: Exercise Therapy for Chronic Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease: A Clinical Consensus Document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases in Collaboration With the European Society of Vascular Medicine and the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. ePub, 2024
64. Johansen KL et al: Central and peripheral arterial diseases in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 100(1):35-48, 2021
65. Hussain MA et al: Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery disease: recent advances. J Am Coll Cardiol. 71(21):2450-67, 2018
66. Costa F et al: Derivation and validation of the predicting bleeding complications in patients undergoing stent implantation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) score: a pooled analysis of individual-patient datasets from clinical trials. Lancet. 389(10073):1025-34, 2017
67. Venermo M et al: Editor’s choice–follow-up of patients after revascularisation for peripheral arterial diseases: a consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 58(5):641-53, 2019
68. Sarpe AK et al: Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7(7):CD013852, 2023
69. Elsayed S et al: Critical limb ischemia. Cardiol Clin. 33(1):37-47, 2015
70. US Preventive Services Task Force: Final Recommendation Statement: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and CVD in Adults: Risk Assessment With the Ankle-Brachial Index. USPSTF website. Updated July 10, 2018. Accessed January 19, 2025. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/peripheral-artery-disease-in-adults-screening-with-the-ankle-brachial-index
71. Schaper et al. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). Diab Metab Res Rev. 36(S1):e3266, 2020
2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Guideline CG147. NICE website. Published August 8, 2012. Updated December 11, 2020. Accessed January 19, 2025. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg147
3. Writing Committee Members et al: 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 83(24):2497-604, 2024
4. Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Writing Group et al: Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. J Vasc Surg. 61(3 suppl):2S-41S, 2015
5. Treat-Jacobson D et al: Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 139(4):e10-33, 2019
6. Gerhard-Herman MD et al: 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 135(12):e726-79, 2017
7. Firnhaber JM et al: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 99(6):362-9, 2019
8. Yang JK et al: Antiplatelet therapy before, during, and after extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 60(4):1085-91, 2014
9. Criqui MH et al: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: contemporary epidemiology, management gaps, and future directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 144(9):e171-91, 2021
10. Norgren L et al: Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 33(suppl 1):S1-75, 2007
11. Conte MS et al: Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 58(1S):S1-109.e33, 2019
12. Mills JL Sr et al: The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 59(1):220-34.e1-2, 2014
13. Jaff MR et al: An update on methods for revascularization and expansion of the TASC lesion classification to include below-the-knee arteries: a supplement to the inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II): the TASC steering comittee. Ann Vasc Dis. 8(4):343-57, 2015
14. Agrawal K et al: Contemporary medical management of peripheral arterial disease: a focus on risk reduction and symptom relief for intermittent claudication. Cardiol Clin. 33(1):111-37, 2015
15. Mascarenhas JV et al: Peripheral arterial disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 43(1):149-66, 2014
16. Kullo IJ et al: The genetic basis of peripheral arterial disease: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions. Circ Res. 116(9):1551-60, 2015
17. Allison MA et al: Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 32(4):328-33, 2007
18. Adegbola A et al: The impact of nutrition on the development and progression of peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 41(1):49-70, 2022
19. Expert Panel on Vascular Imaging et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Sudden Onset of Cold, Painful Leg: 2023 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 20(11S):S565-73, 2023
20. American College of Radiology: ACR appropriateness criteria: vascular claudication–assessment for revascularization. ACR website. Revised 2022. Accessed January 19, 2025. https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69411/Narrative/
21. Vrsalovic M et al: Cardiac troponins predict mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of adjusted observational studies. Clin Cardiol. 45(2):198-204, 2022
22. Bonaca MP et al: Pharmacological treatment and current management of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 116(9):1579-98, 2015
23. Masson W et al: Effects of lipid-lowering therapy on major adverse limb events in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Vascular. 30(6):1134-41, 2022
24. Aboyans V et al: 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Endorsed by the European Stroke Organization (ESO), the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 39(9):763-816, 2018
25. Beckman JA et al: Peripheral artery disease: clinical evaluation. In: Creager MA et al, eds: Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 3rd ed. Saunders; 2020:239-49
26. Chen Q et al: Critical appraisal of international guidelines for the screening and treatment of asymptomatic peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 19(1):17, 2019
27. Bailey SR et al: ACC/AHA/SCAI/SIR/SVM 2018 appropriate use criteria for peripheral artery intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 73(2):214-37, 2019
28. van Reijen NS et al: Outcomes of conservative treatment in patients with chronic limb threatening ischaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 62(2):214-24, 2021
29. Ratchford EV: Medical management of claudication. J Vasc Surg. 66(1):275-80, 2017
30. Grundy SM et al: 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 73(24):e285-350, 2019
31. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee: 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024
32. Thangada ND et al: Exercise Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 26(5):405-12, 2024
33. Harwood AE et al: Exercise training for intermittent claudication: a narrative review and summary of guidelines for practitioners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 6(1):e000897, 2020
34. Golledge J et al: Meta-analysis of clinical trials examining the benefit of structured home exercise in patients with peripheral artery disease. Br J Surg. 106(4):319-31, 2019
35. Jansen SC et al: Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8:CD009638, 2020
36. Treat-Jacobson D et al: Implementation of supervised exercise therapy for patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 140(13):e700-10, 2019
37. Elfghi M et al: Mobile health technologies to improve walking distance in people with intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2(2):CD014717, 2024
38. Lane R et al: Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD000990, 2017
39. Saratzis A et al: Supervised exercise therapy and revascularization for intermittent claudication: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 12(12):1125-36, 2019
40. Cucato G et al: Effects of additional exercise therapy after a successful vascular intervention for people with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5(5):CD014736, 2024
41. Jansen SCP et al: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of supervised exercise therapy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 69(4):1293-308.e2, 2019
42. Bauersachs R et al: Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with other therapies used in patients with peripheral artery disease undergoing peripheral revascularization: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ther. 2021:8561350, 2021
43. Rahmatian D et al: Antiplatelet therapy with or without anticoagulant therapy for lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 78(23):2132-41, 2021
44. Peppas S et al: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with peripheral artery disease. Ann Vasc Surg. 80:1-11, 2022
45. Anand SS et al: Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 391(10117):219-29, 2018
46. Bonaca MP et al: Rivaroxaban in peripheral artery disease after revascularization. N Engl J Med. 382(21):1994-2004, 2020
47. Twine CP et al: Editor’s choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on antithrombotic therapy for vascular diseases. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 65(5):627-89, 2023
48. Morrow DA et al: Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 366(15):1404-13, 2012
49. Bonaca MP et al: Vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease: results from TRA2{degrees}P-TIMI 50. Circulation. 127(14):1522-9, 1529e1-6, 2013
50. Wong PF et al: Antiplatelet agents for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD001272, 2011
51. Alonso-Coello P et al: Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 141(2 suppl):e669S-90S, 2012
52. Brown T et al: Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6:CD003748, 2021
53. Kamoen V et al: Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD010117, 2021
54. Tama B et al: Effectiveness of propionyl-L-carnitine supplementation on exercise performance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review. Cureus. 13(8):e17592, 2021
55. Troisi N et al: International Union of Angiology position statement on no-option chronic limb threatening ischemia. Int Angiol. 41(5):382-404, 2022
56. Hinchliffe RJ et al: Guideline on diagnosis, prognosis, and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers and diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diab Metab Res Rev. 36(S1):e3276, 2020
57. Shishehbor MH et al: Critical limb ischemia: an expert statement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 68(18):2002-15, 2016
58. Thukkani AK et al: Endovascular intervention for peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 116(9):1599-613, 2015
59. Antoniou GA et al: Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4:CD002000, 2017
60. Scatena A et al: Bypass surgery versus endovascular revascularization for occlusive infrainguinal peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the development of the Italian Guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome. Acta Diabetol. 61(1):19-28, 2024
61. Pymer S et al: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of home-based exercise programs for individuals with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 74(6):2076-85.e20, 2021
62. Golledge J et al: Effect of Brief Counseling by Allied Health Professionals on Step Count of People With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 8(4):394-9, 2023
63. Mazzolai L et al: Exercise Therapy for Chronic Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease: A Clinical Consensus Document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases in Collaboration With the European Society of Vascular Medicine and the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. ePub, 2024
64. Johansen KL et al: Central and peripheral arterial diseases in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 100(1):35-48, 2021
65. Hussain MA et al: Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery disease: recent advances. J Am Coll Cardiol. 71(21):2450-67, 2018
66. Costa F et al: Derivation and validation of the predicting bleeding complications in patients undergoing stent implantation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) score: a pooled analysis of individual-patient datasets from clinical trials. Lancet. 389(10073):1025-34, 2017
67. Venermo M et al: Editor’s choice–follow-up of patients after revascularisation for peripheral arterial diseases: a consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 58(5):641-53, 2019
68. Sarpe AK et al: Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7(7):CD013852, 2023
69. Elsayed S et al: Critical limb ischemia. Cardiol Clin. 33(1):37-47, 2015
70. US Preventive Services Task Force: Final Recommendation Statement: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and CVD in Adults: Risk Assessment With the Ankle-Brachial Index. USPSTF website. Updated July 10, 2018. Accessed January 19, 2025. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/peripheral-artery-disease-in-adults-screening-with-the-ankle-brachial-index
71. Schaper et al. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). Diab Metab Res Rev. 36(S1):e3266, 2020
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